Using Manly's and Cardynal's posts to elaborate a bit (using rounded versions of Manly's calculations)
I'm not exactly a great mathematician, but here goes an attempt to calculate damage varying on spell cast time.
C = Cast time of any spell
H = Percentage spell haste (as a decimal)
N = New cast time after haste
C / (1 + H) = N
So when casting time (C) increases, the new cast time after haste (N), becomes smaller.
Percentage spell haste (H), will effect the average reduced casting time.
C / (1 + 0.4) = C/1.4 = N
C / (1 + 0.3) = C/1.3 = N
Casting time will also effect the reduced casting time.
Example
Pyroblast (6 second cast) and Fireball (3 second cast), with 10% Haste (0.1).
6 / (1 + 0.1) = 5.45 seconds
3 / (1 + 0.1) = 2.73 seconds
So it is correct to say "A cast with a longer cast time spell will see more of a benefit from spell haste.", but only in the sense that if you cast 1 spell.
1 Pyroblast gets 0.55 seconds off.
1 Fireball gets 0.27 seconds off.
However, fights are not dependant on casting 1 spell.
In one pyroblast cast, we can cast two fireballs (2.73 seconds casting time).
2.73 + 2.73 = 5.46 seconds casting time
Hence haste affects all spells differently, but the decreased casting time is constantly proportional to the haste rating.
Explaining it in brief
Assuming haste remains constant, let's say 20%.
20% haste rating affecting a spell with large casting time (Y/1.2), is equivalent to having 20% haste rating affecting two spells with half the casting time ( [Y/2 / 1.2] + [Y/2 / 1.2]
[top] Y/2.4 + Y/2.4
Y/1.2).
Sorry to use your exact points Manly and Cardynal

I just thought I would interpret your points differently.
EDIT=> Corrected calculation errors